Rubber Technology

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rubber Industry’s Place in the World Economy

1.2 The Structure of the Tire Industry

1.3 The Structure of the Nontire Industry

1.4 Sectors of the Nontire Rubber Industry

1.4.1 The Rubber Hose Industry

1.4.2 The Belt Segment

1.4.3 Seals and Gaskets

1.4.4 Blowout Preventers and Packers

1.4.5 Single-Ply Roofing

1.4.6 Bushings and Motor Mounts

1.4.7 Molded Rubber Goods

1.4.8 Tank Lining

1.4.9 Wire and Cable Insulation

1.4.10 Shoe Heel and Sole Applications

1.4.11 Sponge Rubber Products

1.4.12 Rubber Weather-stripping

1.4.13 Rubber Latex Products

1.4.14 Rubber Rollers

1.4.15 Rubber Tiles

1.4 .16 Rubber Bands

1.5 Market Forces

2 BASIC RAW MATERIALS FROM EARTH EXTRACTIONS AND AGRICULTURE

2.1 Vital Basic Raw Materials for Rubber

2.1.1 Crude Petroleum Oil

2.1.2 Natural Gas

2.1.3 Natural Rubber

2.1.4 Sulfur

2.1.5 Zinc Ore

2.1.6 Copper Ore

2.1.7 Iron Ore

2.1.8 Silica

2.1.9 Brine and Sea Salt

2.1.10 Fluorspar

2.2 Important Basic Raw Materials for Rubber

2.2.1 Antimony Ore

2.2.2 Aluminum Ore

2.2.3 Clay

2.2.4 Coal

2.2.5 Cobalt Ore

2.2.6 Limestone

2.2.7 Phosphate Rock

2.2.8 Pine Trees

2.2.9 Tallow (from Cattle)

2.2.10 Titanium Ore

2.2.11 Vegetable Oils

3 GENERAL-PURPOSE ELASTOMERS

3.1 Natural Rubber

3.2 Synthetic Natural Rubber

3.3 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

3.4 Butadiene Rubber (BR)

3.5 Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM)

4 SPECIALTY ELASTOMERS

4.1 Butyl Rubber

4.2 Halobutyl Rubber

4.3 Brominated Copolymer of Isobutylene and para-Methylstyrene (BIMSM)

4.4 Nitrile Rubber

4.5 Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR)

4.6 Curable PVC/NBR Polyblends

4.7 Acrylic Rubber

4.8 Polychloroprene (CR)

4.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber

4.10 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)

4.11 Epichlorohydrin Rubber . . . . . . . 6

4.12 Ethylene Acrylic Elastomer (AEM)

4.13 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)

4.14 Fluoroelastomers

4.15 Perfl uoroelastomers (FFKM)

4.16 Silicone Rubber

5 TEXTILE REINFORCING MATERIALS AND THEIR ADHESIVE SYSTEMS USED IN RUBBER

5.1 Textile Reinforcing Materials

5.1.1 Aramid

5.1.2 Carbon Fibers

5.1.3 Glass Fibers

5.1.4 Nylon

5.1.5 Polyester Fiber

5.1.6 Rayon

5.1.7 Steel Cord and Cable

5.2 Adhesive Systems Used in Rubber

5.2.1 Dips for Rubber-to-Cord Adhesion

5.2.1.1 Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin (Liquid)

5.2.1.2 Styrene Butadiene Vinylpyridine Latex

5.2.1.3 Isocyanate and/or Epoxy Treatment

5.2.2 Rubber Compounding Additives for Cord Adhesion

5.2.2.1 Hydrated Precipitated Silica

5.2.2.2 Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin (Solid)

5.2.2.3 Hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM)

5.2.2.4 Hexamethylene Tetramine (HMT)

5.2.2.5 Cobalt Stearate

6 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS

6.1 Styrenic Block Copolymers (SBC)

6.2 Thermoplastic Olefi ns (TPO)

6.3 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on PP/EPDM

6.4 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on NBR/PP

6.5 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on IIR/PP

6.6 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on ACM/Nylon

6.7 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on BIMS/Nylon

6.8 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs)

6.9 Copolyester and Polyamide Block Copolymers

7 POLYURETHANE

7.1 Polyols

7.2 Adipic Acid-Ethylene Glycol Polyester Polyol

7.3 Polypropylene Glycol Polyol

7.4 Isocyanates

7.4.1 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI)

7.4.2 Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)

7.5 Chain Extenders

7.5.1 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD)

7.5.2 Bis(beta-hydroxyethyl) Ether of Resorcinol (HER)

7.5.3 Hydroquinone Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) Ether (HQEE)

7.5.4 Trimethylolpropane (TMP)

7.6 Methylene-Bis-o-chloroaniline (MBCA)

8 CARBON BLACK, FILLERS, REINFORCING AGENTS, AND COUPLING AGENTS

8.1 Furnace Carbon Blacks

8.2 Thermal Carbon Black

8.3 Acetylene Carbon Black

8.4 Hydrated Precipitated Silica

8.5 Fumed Silica

8.6 TESPT Organosilane Coupling Agent

8.7 Kaolin Clay

8.8 Calcium Carbonate

8.9 Talc

8.10 Titanium Dioxide

8.11 Ground Coal

8.12 Iron Oxide

9 PROCESS OILS, SYNTHETIC ESTER PLASTICIZERS, AND PROCESSING AIDS

9.1 Aromatic Process Oil

9.2 Naphthenic Process Oil

9.3 Paraffi nic Oil

9.4 Rosin Oil

9.5 Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP)

9.6 Diisodecyl Phthalate (DIDP)

9.7 Dioctyl Adipate (DOA)

9.8 Dioctyl Sebacate (DOS)

9.9 Butyl Oleate

9.10 Dibutoxyethoxyethyl Adipate (DBEEA)

9.11 Vulcanized Vegetable Oil (VVO)

10 CURATIVES

10.1 Activators

10.1.1 Zinc Oxide

10.1.2 Stearic Acid

10.2 Vulcanizing Agents (Sulfur Based)

10.2.1 Rubber Maker’s Sulfur

10.2.2 Insoluble Sulfur

10.2.3 Dithiodimorpholine (DTDM)

10.2.4 Tetramethylthiuram Disulfi de (TMTD)

10.3 Primary Accelerators

10.3.1 N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (TBBS)

10.3.2 N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (CBS)

10.3.3 2-(4-Morpholinothio)-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (MBS)

10.3.4 N,N'-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (DCBS)

10.3.5 4-Morpholinyl-2-benzothiazole Disulfi de (MBSS)

10.3.6 Alkyl Phenol Disulfi de

10.3.7 Ethylene Thiourea (ETU)

10.4 Secondary Accelerators

10.4.1 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)

10.4.2 Benzothiazole Disulfi de (MBTS)

10.4.3 Tetramethyl Thiuram Monosulfi de (TMTM)

10.4.4 Zinc Dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC)

10.4.5 Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZnDMC)

10.4.6 Tellurium Diethyldithiocarbamate (TeDEC)

10.4.7 Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG)

10.4.8 Di-o-Tolylguanidine (DOTG)

10.5 Inhibitors and Retarders

10.5.1 Cyclohexylthiophthalimide (CTP)

10.5.2 Benzoic Acid

10.5.3 Phthalic Anhydride

10.5.4 Salicylic Acid

10.5.5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

10.6 Nonsulfur Vulcanizing Agents

10.6.1 Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP)

10.6.2 Di(2-t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene (BBPIB)

10.6.3 Methylol-Terminated p-Alkyl-Substituted Phenol Formaldehyde Curing Resin

10.6.4 Zinc Oxide

10.7 Summary

11 ANTIOXIDANTS, ANTIOZONANTS, TACKIFI ERS, FLAME RETARDANTS, AND BLOWING AGENTS

11.1 Antioxidants

11.1.1 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)

11.1.2 Acetone Diphenylamine Condensation Product (ADPA)

11.1.3 Phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PAN)

11.1.4 Octylated Diphenylamine (8DPA)

11.1.5 Methylene-bis-methylbutyl phenol (o-MBp14)

11.1.6 N,N'-Di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylene Diamine (DNPD)

11.2 Antiozonants

11.2.1 N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylene Diamine (6PPD)

11.2.2 N-N'-bis (1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylene Diamine (i88PD)

11.2.3 N,N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylene Diamine (DPPD)

11.2.4 Protective Waxes

11.3 Tackifiers

11.3.1 Phenol Formaldehyde Resins

11.3.2 Phenol Acetylene Tackifying Resin

11.3.3 Petroleum Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resins

11.3.4 Polyterpene

11.4 Blowing Agents (for Sponge Rubber)

11.4.1 Azodicarbonamide (ADC)

11.4.2 p,p'-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl) Hydrazide (OBSH)

11.5 Flame Retardants

11.5.1 Antimony Oxide (Antimony Trioxide)

11.5.2 Chlorinated Paraffi n (CP)

11.5.3 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH)

11.5.4 Zinc Borate Hydrate

11.5.5 Triaryl Phosphate (TAP)

12 INTERMEDIATE FEEDSTOCKS

12.1 Acetaldehyde

12.2 Acetic Acid

12.3 Acetone

12.4 Acetylene

12.5 Acrylonitrile (ACN)

12.6 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)

12.7 Adipic Acid

12.8 p-Alkylphenol (para-Alkylphenol)

12.9 4-Aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA)

12.10 Ammonia

12.11 Ammonium Thiocyanate

12.12 t-Amylene

12.13 Aniline .

12.14 Aniline Hydrochloride

12.15 Antimony

12.16 Antimony Trichloride

12.17 Benzene

12.18 Benzothiazyl Disulfi de (MBTS)

12.19 Borates (Borax)

12.20 Boric Acid

12.21 Bromine

12.22 Butadiene (BD)

12.23 Butane

12.24 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)

12.25 Butanol (Butyl Alcohol)

12.26 n-Butyl Acrylate

12.27 t-Butylamine

12.28 n-Butyl Chloride

12.29 t-Butylphenol

12.30 n-Butyraldehyde

12.31 Calcium Carbide

12.32 Calcium Hydroxide

12.33 Calcium Oxide

12.34 Caprolactam

12.35 Carbon Disulfi de

12.36 Chlorine

12.37 Chlorobenzene (Monochlorobenzene)

12.38 Chlorodifl uoromethane

12.39 Chlorohydrin

12.40 Coal Tar

12.41 Crotonaldehyde

12.42 Cumene

12.43 Cyclohexane

12.44 Cyclohexanone

12.45 Cyclohexylamine

12.46 Cyclohexyl Mercaptan

12.47 Cyclopentadiene

12.48 p,p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane

12.49 Diaminotoluene

12.50 Dibutylamine .

12.51 Dichlorodimethylsilane

12.52 Dicyclohexylamine

12.53 Dicyclopentadiene

12.54 Diethylamine

12.55 Diisobutylene

12.56 Dimethylamine

12.57 Dimethyl Terephthalate

12.58 p-Dinitrobenzene (para-Dinitrobenzene)

12.59 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

12.60 Diphenylamine

12.61 Diphenylmethane-4,4'-Diisocyanate (MDI)

12.62 Epichlorohydrin

12.63 Ethane

12.64 Ethyl Acrylate

12.65 Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

12.66 Ethylbenzene

12.67 Ethylene

12.68 Ethylene Carbonate

12.69 Ethylene Chlorohydrin

12.70 Ethylenediamine

12.71 Ethylene Dichloride

12.72 Ethylene Glycol (EG)

12.73 Ethylene Oxide (EO)

12.74 2-Ethylhexanol (2EH)

12.75 5-Ethylidenenorbornene (ENB)

12.76 Formaldehyde

12.77 1,4-Hexadiene

12.78 Hexamethylenediamine

12.79 Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)

12.80 Hydrazine

12.81 Hydrochloric Acid

12.82 Hypochlorous Acid

12.83 Hydrogen

12.84 Hydrogen Fluoride

12.85 Hydrogen Peroxide

12.86 Hydroquinone

12.87 Iron

12.88 Isobutylene

12.89 Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber (IIR, Butyl Rubber) .

12.90 Isocyanate-Terminated Prepolymer

12.91 Isoprene

12.92 Isopropyl Alcohol

12.93 p-Isopropylphenol

12.94 Melamine

12.95 Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)

12.96 Mesityl Oxide

12.97 Methane

12.98 Methanol

12.99 Methyl Acrylate

12.100 Methyl Chloride

12.101 Methylethyl Ketone (MEK)

12.102 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK)

12.103 p-Methylphenol

12.104 p-Methylstyrene

12.105 Morpholine

12.106 Naphthalene

12.107 â -Naphthol

12.108 á-Naphthylamine

12.109 Nitric Acid

12.110 p-Nitroaniline

12.111 Nitrobenzene

12.112 á-Nitronaphthalene

12.113 n-Octanol (octyl alcohol)

12.114 p-t-Octylphenol (p-tert-Octylphenol)

12.115 Oleic Acid

12.116 Phenol

12.117 p-Phenylenediamine (PPDA)

12.118 Phosgene

12.119 Phosphorus

12.120 Phosphorus Oxychloride

12.121 Phosphorus Pentoxide

12.122 Phosphorus Trichloride

12.123 Phthalic Anhydride

12.124 Phthalimide

12.125 á-Picoline

12.126 Polyacrylonitrile

12.127 Polypropylene (PP) 489

12.128 Polypropylene Glycol

12.129 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

12.130 Potassium Bromide

12.131 Propane

12.132 Propylene

12.133 Propylene Glycol (PG)

12.134 Propylene Oxide

12.135 Quinone (1,4-Benzoquinone)

12.136 Resorcinol

12.137 Sebacic Acid

12.138 Silicon Metal

12.139 Silicon Tetrachloride

12.140 Sodium Bromide

12.141 Sodium Carbonate

12.142 Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate (NaDMC)

12.143 Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)

12.144 Sodium Hypochlorite

12.145 Sodium Mercaptobenzothiazole (NaMBT or Sodium MBT)

12.146 Sodium Nitrate

12.147 Sodium Phenate

12.148 Sodium Silicate

12.149 Sodium Sulfate

12.150 Sodium Sulfi te

12.151 Stannous Chloride

12.152 Stearic Acid

12.153 Styrene

12.154 Sulfur

12.155 Sulfur Dioxide

12.156 Sulfuric Acid

12.157 Sulfur Monochloride

12.158 Terephthalic Acid

12.159 Tetrafl uoroethylene

12.160 Tin

12.161 Titanium Tetrachloride

12.162 Toluene

12.163 Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)

12.164 o-Toluidine (ortho-Toluidine)

12.165 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

12.166 Trichlorosilane

12.167 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane (TMP)

12.168 Urea

12.169 Vinyl Acetate

12.170 Vinyl Chloride Monomer

12.171 Vinyl Fluoride

12.172 Vinyl Pyridine

12.173 Wax

12.174 Xylene

12.175 Zinc Metal / Zinc Carbonate

12.177 Zinc Stearate / Zinc Sulfate

Glossary of Acronyms

Index