Tire Engineering - An Introduction
The modern tire is the most complex, composite product in mass production. Yet given its complexity and required performance, there is little information in the public domain regarding its development. This book provides an introduction to tire design, construction, and manufacturing in the context of materials technologies used today, along with future trends and disrupting technologies.
Focuses on design and construction
Discusses the relationship between materials and performance
Reviews tire uniformity as a key differentiator among manufacturers
Evaluates design and construction features versus performance
Written for engineers in the polymer, industrial, chemical, mechanical, and automotive industries, this book offers a comprehensive view of tire design, including materials selection, construction, manufacturing, quality control, and future trends.
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION TO TIRE ENGINEERING
1.1 Introduction to the Global Tire Industry
1.2 Tire Technology
1.3 Tire Construction
1.4 Mission Profile and Design Envelopes
1.5 Dimensions and Nomenclature
1.6 Tire Speed and Load Rating
1.7 Trends in Tire Sizes
1.8 Secondary Factors Influencing Tire Design
1.9 Off-Road Tires
1.10 Farm Tires
1.11 Aircraft Tires
1.12 Tire Material Composition
1.13 Summary
2 TIRE TREAD TECHNOLOGY
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tread Compounds
2.3 Radial Tire Tread Design Parameters
2.4 Tire Footprint Pressure
2.5 Tread Extrusion Contour
2.6 Tread Radius
2.7 Tread Wear Mechanisms
3 TIRE CASING CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Casing Components
3.3 Belt Design
3.4 Casing Construction
3.5 Inner Liner and Barrier
3.6 Ply
3.7 Sidewall
3.8 Bead
3.9 Apex (Bead Filler
3.10 Chafer (Toe Guard)
3.11 Shoulder Wedge.
3.12 Model Compound Line-up
4 TIRE INNERLINER
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Production of Bromobutyl Rubber
4.3 Tire Innerliner
4.4 Tire Inflation Pressure Loss Rate (IPLR)
4.5 Tire Intra-carcass Pressure (ICP)
4.6 Tire Innerliner Compound Properties
4.7 Innerliner and Tire Manufacturing 5
4.8 Nitrogen Inflation and New Technologies
4.9 Vulcanization of Halobutyl Tire Innerliner Compounds
5 TIRE REINFORCEMENTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fabric Tire Cords
5.3 Cord Construction
5.4 Fabric Production
5.5 Cord-to-Rubber Compound Adhesive
5.6 Steel Cord
5.7 Mechanism of Brass-Coated Steel Wire-to-Rubber Adhesion.
5.8 Bead Wire
6 RADIAL TIRE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY AND RUBBER COMPOUNDING
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Polymers Used in Tires
6.3 Production of Natural Rubber
6.4 Natural Rubber Products and Grades
6.4.1 TSR-L
6.4.2 TSR-5
6.4.3 TSR-10
6.4.4 TSR-20
6.4.5 TSR-50
6.5 Quality
6.6 Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds
6.7 Synthetic Elastomers Used in Tires
6.8 Carbon Black and its Properties
6.9 Silica, Silicates, and Other Inorganic Fillers
6.10 Protectant Systems
6.11 Vulcanization Systems
6.12 Tire Factory Compound Processing Aids
6.13 Compound Production Efficiencies
7 RADIAL TIRE COMPOUND POLYMER BLENDS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Applied Polymer Technology
7.3 Tire Components
7.4 Blending Elastomers
7.5 Processing of Elastomer Blends
7.6 Natural Rubber–Bromobutyl Blends
7.7 Halobutyl–Butyl Blends
7.8 Bromobutyl–GPR Blends
7.9 Distribution of Compounding Ingredients: Insoluble Chemicals
7.10 Distribution of Compounding Ingredients: Soluble Chemicals
7.11 Effect of Blending on Compound Physical Properties.
7.12 Secondary Polymer Blends Systems
7.12.1 Tackifying Resins
7.12.2 Reinforcing Resins
7.12.3 Curing Resins
7.12.4 Polymeric Green Strength Promoter
7.13 Elastomer Blends and Tire Performance
8 TIRE MANUFACTURING
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Raw Materials Receiving and Compound Mixing
8.3 Component Preparation
8.4 Electron Beam Radiation Processing
8.5 Tire Building
8.6 Tire Curing (Vulcanization).
8.7 Final Finish
8.8 Shipping
8.9 Tire Production and the Environment
9 MANUFACTURING QUALITY CONTROL AND TIRE UNIFORMITY
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Raw Materials and Compound Mixing
9.3 Component Preparation
9.4 Tire Building
9.5 Tire Curing
9.6 Final Finish
9.7 Tire Uniformity
9.8 Fundamental Tire Forces
9.8.1 Radial Force Variation
9.8.2 Aligning Torque and Steering Moment
9.8.3 Overturning Moment (Mx)
9.8.4 Radial Force Variation (Fz)
9.8.5 Radial Run-out .
9.8.6 Lateral Force Variation
9.8.7 Conicity
9.8.8 Ply Steer
9.8.9 Lateral Run-out
9.8.10 Harmonic Waveform Analysis
9.8.11 Grinding..
9.9 Global Quality Management Standards
10 TIRE TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Laboratory Testing
10.2.1 FMVSS139 Tests
10.2.1.1 Endurance
10.2.1.2 Low Inflation Pressure Performance
10.2.1.3 The High-Speed Test
10.2.1.4 Description of Potential Tire Removal Modes
10.2.2 Rolling Resistance
10.2.3 Bead Area Durability
10.2.4 Inflation Pressure Retention
10.3 Tire Proving Grounds
10.3.1 Traction Testing
10.3.2 Noise
10.3.3 Tread Wear.
10.3.4 Tire Vehicle Handling
10.4 Commercial Fleet Programs
10.4.1 Truck Fuel Consumption
10.4.2 Commercial Fleet Tire Wear.
11 FUTURE TRENDS
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Passenger Car Tire Trends
11.3 Commercial Truck Tires
11.4 Farm Tires and Tracks
11.5 Off-Road Tires (OTR)
11.6 Manufacturing
11.7 Competitive Product Benchmarking
11.8 Competitive Technical Intelligence
11.9 Conservation and Recycling
11.9.1 Reduction
11.9.2 Reuse.
11.9.3 Recycle
11.9.4 Reclaim
11.10 Sustainability
Appendix 1: Abbreviations for Tire Polymers and Polymer Additives
Appendix 2: Recognized Industry Abbreviations for Accelerators
Appendix 3: Common Terms for Compounding Ingredients
Index